History of cocoa production in ghana pdf

A qualitative research approach was adopted for the study. The cocoa industry has profited from the utilization of forced labor in west africa since the late 1800s. It is known worldwide for its beans used in the manufacture of chocolate. Despite the portuguese decree in 1876 abolishing slavery, and the release of cocoa plantation. Today cocoa is consumed widely throughout europe and the americas, and to a lesser extent in other parts of the world. Ghana cocoa industryan analysis from the innovation system. Cocoa is the chief agricultural export of ghana and ghanas main cash crop. The history of cocoa production in trinidad and tobago frances l. Ghanas cocoa marketing system tracy williams summary ghanas cocoa marketing system has performed impressively over the past decade. Cocoa futures have traded in new york since 1925, first on the new york cocoa exchange later part of the coffee, cocoa and sugar exchange, then on the new york board of trade and now on ice futures u. The main objective of the study was to analyze the production, consumption and marketing stages of cocoa in ghana. Ghanas cocoa production dipped to a low of 159,000 tons in 198283, a mere 17 percent of the total world volume, down from the 36 percent in 196465. A documentary on cocoa in ghana golden pod filmed and produced by eagle media house studying the cocoa supply chain in ghana.

Based on this forecast the total cocoa production will be about 4,700,000 tons in 20222023, with a supply deficit of 100,000 tons. In recent times, matters involving cocoa production have not been so pleasant for industry players both farmers and processors thus adversely affecting fortunes of the oncevibrant and lucrative sector. It has undergone various transformations since the cocoa industry became established. Cocoa has a long production cycle, far longer than many other tropical crops, and new hybrid varieties need over five years to come into production, and a further 10 to 15 years for the tree to reach its full bearing potential. The national liberation council dissolved the ugfcc and established the producing buying company as a sub sidiary of the cmb. Ashanti, cocoa and colonialism cocoa early global connections the cocoa tree, theobroma cacao, is indigenous to the rainforests of central america. Cacao is a fastgrowing tropical forest plant, capable of being cultivated in association with other trees, and providing additional goods like timber and firewood, fruits, construction materials. Causes of low productivity of cocoa in ghana world agroforestry. Researching cocoa production in cote divoire is essential due to the role this sector plays in the economy. Behind ivory coast, ghana is the second largest cocoa exporter in the world. Oct 18, 20 a university of ghana business school documentary for the 2nd tetteh quarshie memorial lecture on sustaining ghana s development through cocoa in an emergin. A history of exploitation 2 contents page executive summary 3 1.

Guide describing trade and industry practices, as well as regulations applying to cocoa traces customs procedures, systems and techniques used at each stage of the cocoa supply chain. The main crop here is cocoa and has been ghanas main crop export for a long time. The sample size in each region was proportional to its cocoa production. In 1847 joseph fry creates a moldable paste of cocoa powder, sugar and cocoa butter. In 1870, tetteh quarshie undertook a voyage to fernando po bioko in equatorial guinea. Given the significance of ghana as the principal producer and exporter of cocoa and a major source of foreign earnings in the country, it is. Brief history of cocoa in ghana february 7, 2019 tetteh quarshies travels to fernando po now bioko in todays equatorial guinea, was to transform the economy of the gold coast now ghana with his introduction of cocoa beans on his return. Reviving the history of cocoa production in ghana design indaba. Some impressions on the state of coffee sector in ghana. Cocoa being the focal point, of course therell be some enlightening on the process of chocolatemaking too. Cocoa and other chocolate products are enjoyed by billions of people around the globe, but surprisingly few people know the history of the confection. Creating opportunities for young people in ghanas cocoa sector. To reach this goal, the environmental sustainability and policy for cocoa production in ghana project esp contracted the research team to conduct a detailed analysis of the current land tenure arrangements in cocoa growing areas and how these are influencing natural resource management.

The growing population of cocoa farmers also reinvested its profits in expan ding cocoa production in the western end of ghanas forest zone, rapidly shifting the production frontier into ashanti and brong. Nov 24, 2008 a documentary on cocoa in ghana golden pod filmed and produced by eagle media house studying the cocoa supply chain in ghana. Brief history of cocoa in ghana agriculture in ghana media. It has been estimated that in 20102011 exports of cocoa ghana s reached 1 004 000 mt gain, 2012in terms of world cocoa exports, ghana has maintained its.

Analysis of incentives and disincentives for cocoa in ghana. Ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, indonesia and brazil are the most important cacao producers table 1. The case of cocoa in ghana food and agriculture organization of. Africa holds a dominant position with almost 70% of production volumes, 40% coming from the cote divoire. Cote divoire and ghana are the largest producers, followed by. The ghana cocoa board cocobod is a ghanaian governmentcontrolled institution that fixes the buying price for cocoa in ghana, the worlds second largest producer of the commodity. As mentioned in the previous section, cocoa production plays a significant role in the social and economic development of cote divoire. Creating opportunities for young people in ghanas cocoa. A total of 85 villages in the four regions were visited and household heads were interviewed. In 20182019, ghana is estimated to have produced about 900 thousand tons of cocoa beans, a decrease from approximately 969 thousand tons in 20162017. Large commercial cacao plantations operate in the ivory coast, brazil, ghana, malaysia, mexico, indonesia, nigeria, cameroon, ecuador, columbia, the dominican republic, mexico, and papua new guinea. The suhumkraboacoaltar district was selected because of a long history of cocoa. Cocoa production is important to the economy of nigeria. Historical overview of cocoa world prices and ghana production.

Forced child labor and cocoa production in west africa. The impact was such that currently the four main cocoaproducing countries in west africa, namely, cote divoire, ghana, nigeria and cameroon, contribute more than 70% of the world cocoa beans production, with a distinctive socalled west af. Early success in cooperative development stimulated a. In 1847 joseph fry creates a moldable paste of cocoa powder, sugar and cocoa. Nonoil gdp growth could, however, decline in 2017, in part. The period 2000 to 2015 cocoa crop year was used for the study since a major cocoa production boom was observed in ghana between 2000 and 2003. Antislavery international the cocoa industry in west africa. Ghanas cocoa production grew an average of 16% between 200003. Reviving the history of cocoa production in ghana design. These migrants settled in the region either as abusa tenants or as annual contract laborers. Ghana cocoa board cocobod the ghana cocoa board established in 1947 has had a long history of overseeing the cocoa sector of ghana. In addition, gold output and cocoa production will likely remain high.

The cocoa industry in ghana is regulated by a government institute called. One of the key findings of the study is that, due to several reasons, productivity in cocoa farming is low, and declines as the farmers get older. This process led to three social classes among those involved in cocoa production. It was the highest foreign exchange earner for ghana even as far as constituting about 45% in the 1960s. Ghanas cocoa cultivation, however, is noted within the developing world to be one of the most modeled commodities and valuables. The determination of producer price in ghana s cocoa sector and the provision of service to cocoa farmers keywords. The typical ghanaian cocoa producer earns his livelihood on a diversified family farm with the revenues from the cocoa enterprise accounting for about 55% of the household. Hand pollination of cocoa trees yielding more returns for farmers in the western region. Economic cacao cultivars are grown for the production of dried beans, which are the source of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, cocoa cake and cocoa powder.

The history of cocoa in ghana is then used to introduce historiographical issues, essentially by asking the kinds of question that would emanate from historians who hold different views of history. A study of technical efficiency of cocoa production in southwest nigeria showed that more than 80% of cocoa farmers in the region had more than 10 years of coca farming experience and were relatively technically efficient in their use of resources although they were largely resource constrained. Malaysia, although its production has fallen drastically since the 1990s, and papua new guinea where production has been increasing. However, its modern constitution and mandate reflects the modern trends in the. Cocoa is the leading agricultural export of the country and nigeria is currently the worlds fourth largest producer of cocoa, after ivory coast, indonesia and ghana, and the third largest exporter, after ivory coast and ghana. The cocoa pod borer cpb, also known as cocoa moth, is caused by the insect conopomorpha cramerella. Bekele the cocoa research unit, the university of the west indies, st. At independence, president kwame nkrumah sought to use the apparent stability of the ghanaian economy as a springboard for economic diversification and expansion. It is poised to maintain ghana premium quality cocoa. Importance of cocoa cocoa is a cash crop grown throughout the humid tropics with about 6. Jun 16, 2019 cocoa theobroma cacao is the main ingredient in chocolate, from the cocoa tree. Twothirds of world cocoa production originates from west africa alone. The average yield is approximately 400 kg of beanshayear.

Cocoa from ghana history of cocoa cocoa from ghana. History of cocoa production in africa starting from what looks like the earliest record of the use of cocoa. The main animals under livestock are, poultry, cattle, sheep. Creating opportunities for young people in ghana s cocoa sector 3 contents about the author 5 acknowledgements5 abbreviations6 executive summary 7 1 introduction 10 2 research methods 12 3 why study youth transitions. It draws out the role of britain and its empire in this process while showing that there is a wider context that needs to be understood trade as a global process in which britain plays a role. The oil production expected in ghana during the upcoming decades and the countrys depen dency on cocoa, timber, gold and minerals raise the question about the growth e ects of natural resources in general, and oil production in particular. Farmers receive a relatively large share of export earnings.

Ghana is the worlds third largest producer figure 1 and the second largest exporter of cocoa beans after cote divoire figure 2. Current state of precision agriculture in ghana martin1. Even until the 1990s, cocoa s share of the countrys total. Ghana was the worlds leading producer of cocoa, boasted a welldeveloped infrastructure to service trade, and enjoyed a relatively advanced education system. The history of robusta coffee production in ghana may date back to early 1900s.

Garg, in science and technology of fruit wine production, 2017. Hand pollination of cocoa trees yielding more returns for. The international cocoa organization icco forecasts a 10 percent increase in the world cocoa production and a 25 percent increase of the cocoa price in the next decade. However, despite its ageold story or ranges of adaptation and the immense potential that the country owes to produce and. In west africa, latin america and southeast asia, cocoa is an important cash crop, providing income to more than 4. It grows in almost all parts of the country where cocoa grows as well as in areas that are marginal to cocoa production. Pdf cocoa production in ghana kwasi clarks academia. Ghana 15% and indonesia 12% are two other important producers. Aug 09, 2019 in 20182019, ghana is estimated to have produced about 900 thousand tons of cocoa beans, a decrease from approximately 969 thousand tons in 20162017. The political crisis in cote divoire has not compromised this regions dominance at all in fact, it has only been strengthened further. In addition, key architecture will give viewers a history of the crop and its significance in ghana s socioecomonic makeup, and how projects like these can aid education and development. Use of cacao dates back 2000 years to central and south america, but is native to the amazon and is still used today as part of their daily staple diet. Let us hope for another such season to compensate for some of the main crops shortfall. Creating opportunities for young people in ghanas cocoa sector 7 executive summary cocoa production is essential to the health of ghanas economy, contributing 3% to its gross domestic product and supporting the livelihoods of approximately 4 million farming households gss, 2015.

Good agricultural practices for sustainable cocoa production. Aug 15, 2018 from there, the chocolate and cocoa industry exploded in popularity and quickly spread around the world. Ghana was until the 1970s the leading world producer of cocoa. Pesticide application in ghana is more concentrated in. A history of exploitation antislavery international. Cacao is a welladapted agroforestry plantation crop grown in hot, rainy climates. The period 2000 to 2015 cocoa crop year was used for the study since a major cocoa production boom was observed in ghana.

An empirical analysis of the determinants of cocoa production. The uk has a large bulk bean processing industry for wellknown brands, such as cadbury, mars and nestle. Planting, replanting and tree diversification in cocoa systems authors richard asare and sonii david collaborating partner sustainable tree crops program of the international institute of tropical agriculture p. It has been estimated that in 20102011 exports of cocoa ghanas reached 1 004 000 mt gain, 2012in terms of world cocoa exports, ghana has maintained its. Ghana cocoa industryan analysis from the innovation. Throughout its centurieslong evolution, one factor has remained consistent and cocoa has attracted devotees worldwide. It was first noted in 1841 as a serious threat, causing vast losses in the cocoa industry during the 1890s and 1900s. The ghana cocoa board cocobod regulates the cocoa industry in ghana, with a primary mandate of enabling production, processing, and marketing of cocoa as efficiently and effectively as possible ghana cocoa board, 2012. The country ranked 8th, 9th and 7th in cocoa butter export in 2005, 2006 and 2009, respectively, while cocoa paste exports have decreased to such a level that ghana was no longer ranked among the top 9 exporters of cocoa paste worldwide in 2008 and 2009, although between 2005 and 2007, ghana ranked in the 3rd or 4th position. Pdf the history of cocoa production in trinidad and tobago. In 2011, ghanas lightcrop cocoa harvest, which produces smaller beans, more than doubled to 97,965 metric tons in the 12 weeks of the season to sept. This statistic shows the world cocoa production by country from 201220 to 20172018.

Mar 16, 2016 cocoa production for that matter has always been a key driver of agricultures contribution to the socioeconomic development of ghana. In 1870 tetteh quarshie introduced the cocoa crops to ghana a preindependence ghanaian which today constitute one of the major export crops of the ghanaian economy. In fact, cocoa has appeared in different cultures worldwide for hundreds of years. Cocoa research institute of ghana cadbury international ghana.

Cocobod, ghana cocoa production, processing and marketing. It was discovered that around 2000 bc people of major civilization in guatemala and mexico preolmecs used cocoa in their drinks. Cocoa has and continues to play a central role in the economy of ghana which is. Mapping sustainable production in ghanaian cocoa foreword 5 foreword by dr stephanie barrientos and professor kwadwo asensookyere ghana is renowned for the quality of its cocoa production and the crop plays a major role in the economy in terms of employment, incomes and foreign exchange earnings. Cocoa production for that matter has always been a key driver of agricultures contribution to the socioeconomic development of ghana. The pricefixing is intended to protect farmers from the volatile prices on the world market.

The quality control company, the cocoa research institute of ghana, the cocoa marketing company, and. Reviving the history of cocoa production in ghana the team behind the concept will be exhibiting at design indaba festival 2019 to showcase design and architectures role in shaping place. Although purchased physical inputs agrochemicals, seeds and tools represent less than 30% of the total cost of crop production, the use of pesticides is becoming more widespread. Cocoa production occurs in the countrys forested areas. It is one of the key gdp components, and it is the engine of the ivorian agricultural economy. Brief history of precision agriculture in africa ghana. Tetteh quarshie and history of cocoa in ghana youtube. Although cocoa has been cultivated for centuries in central america, it is a relative newcomer to africa, and even more recent in asia. Ghanas cocoa marketing system tracy williams summary ghana s cocoa marketing system has performed impressively over the past decade. Cocoa and chocolate in british and world history introduction this series of activities and resources explores the global history of cocoa and chocolate. The history of cocoa production in trinidad and tobago.